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The international conference on renewable energy, climate change, and restoration of ecosystems, acronymed “ICRECC”, is organised and co-hosted by Moi University and the County Government of Uasin Gishu and will be held from the April 22, 2025 to the April 25, 2025 at Blueberry Villas in Eldoret City, Kenya. The abbreviation “ICRECC” is derived from the initial letters of each keyword, with the “RE” taking care of ‘renewable energy’ and ‘restorations of ecosystems’. The theme of the conference is “Towards the sustainability of our Ecosystems”.
The partnering institutions acknowledge the various emerging challenges within the local communities in the Great Rift Valley and beyond, arising from climate change, access to renewable energy, and sustainability in the restoration of ecosystems. In order to address these challenges, it requires strategic partnerships among various stakeholders. Accordingly, such strategic partnerships through conferences are key to sharing various climate action plans and are central to sustainable interventions through research, capacity building, and knowledge management amongst practitioners, public benefit organisations, government, policymakers, industry players, research institutions, indigenous people, and other local actors. This is the aim and the motivation behind ICRECC.
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V.I.Ps, participants and other guests are ushered into main conference hall.
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Both the Kenyan national Anthem and the East African Community Anthem
The chief guest will give an address and declare the conference open.
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Key note speech
Kenya has set an ambitious 15 Billion Tree Growing Strategy for Landscape and Ecosystem Restoration with goals to increase and maintain 30% tree cover by 2032, to restore 10.6 million ha of degraded landscape by 2032 and to reduce 32% of its greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. The Forest Landscape Restoration Implementation Action Plan (FOLAREP) 2022-2026 seeks to restore 2.55 million ha of degraded landscapes through integrated approaches and best practices. Additionally, a multi-stakeholder Technical Working Group on Restoration Monitoring has been convened to support sustainable Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) efforts in the country. As part of the consultation process, seven engagement forums bringing together national government, all 47 counties, the Council of Governors and development partners were held between December 2021–March 2022. These engagements reveal that Kenya’s top barriers to restoration are financial constraints, inadequate policy and legislative frameworks, low sensitization on FLR, land ownership, and limited human and technical capacity on FLR. The top drivers to degradation are population pressure, poverty, overstocking, encroachment, and overgrazing. County Environment Committees (CECs), which are crucial to mainstreaming FLR at the county level, are active in 18 of the 47 counties. In addition, 25 of 47 counties mention county climate change entities as critical to enhance the CECs’ FLR functions. Top indicators selected by counties as important for a national restoration monitoring system include areas of restored forest and agricultural lands, biodiversity revived and access to safe water. Counties present unique FLR monitoring structures, with some entities and departments such the CECs, the Monitoring and Evaluation Committee and Units featuring structures across several counties.
The expansive Kaptagat forest is a scenic landscape of Elgeyo-Marakwet County in Kenya, covering over 6,000 hectares. It is a crucial water catchment area, serving the water needs of Elgeyo-Marakwet County-40% and Uasin Gishu county-55%. Eldoret City gets about 30,000m3/day. However, this forest’s fragile ecosystem is now greatly endangered by climate change and uncontrolled human activities like deforestation, overgrazing and charcoal production. Urgent remedial actions are required for its preservation. Harnessing the traditional values of the local community living next to the forest constitute one unique yet results laden action. The Keiyo History Culture & Heritage Centre: a coming together of community professionals, has initiated a number of activities to tap into this resource. The ages-old community traditional values which include strict adherence to ecosystem preservation have been passed from generation to generation. However, laxity in enforcement of the relevant principles have led to numerous infringements. The Kenya Forest Service and Kaptagat Forest Restoration Editions in collaboration with the local leadership have implemented various mitigative initiatives. One is to set up“cow banks” to keep community livestock in selected guarded spaces. Modern renewable energy technologies are slated for installation, to tap into the forest water streams, the abundant sunlight and strong winds. The Archimedes Screw turbine, which is a cost-effective, robust and simple hydro-power machine is suitable for application at the low-head sites of the rivers. Most households bordering Kaptagat forest, use charcoal and firewood for cooking. An optimized conical solar cooker, has been highly recommended as a viable ecosystem-friendly alternative, to reduce and finally stop use of charcoal and firewood from the forest. Installation of Wind Turbines at the edge of the forest escarpment, is under consideration, to tap the wind energy.
Key words: Community, Ecosystem, Renewable Energy, Traditional Values.
ABSTRACT
Wetlands play a critical role in biodiversity conservation, water purification, and climate regulation. However, these ecosystems face increasing threats due to human activities, climate change, and inadequate monitoring frameworks. This study explores the development and implementation of a Wetland Monitoring and Management App designed to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of Kingwal and Yala Swamp areas in Kenya. The app leverages emerging technologies such as GIS mapping, remote sensing, IoT sensors, and AI-driven analytics to provide real-time data on wetland health, water levels, biodiversity status, and potential environmental threats. Through stakeholder engagement, including local communities, environmental agencies, and researchers, the app aims to facilitate informed decision-making and improve wetland governance. The study evaluates the effectiveness of the application in monitoring ecosystem changes, enhancing community participation, and supporting policy implementation. The findings underscore the importance of digital solutions in promoting sustainable wetland management and recommend strategies for scaling up technology-driven conservation initiatives.
Key words:
Wetland monitoring, environmental conservation, GIS, remote sensing, AI analytics, sustainable management, biodiversity conservation.
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Human population in the world is continually soaring high and the impact on the environment has led to global warming and food security issues. Innovation and the use smart technology in agricultural production has led to the mitigation food security issues. This advanced production techniques is not limited to genetic modification, but also encompasses mechanical advancement and investment in laboratory trials for improved varieties of propagative materials, high yields and tolerance to environmental stress and pathogens. Mathematical modelling is not left behind, as an invaluable tool that supplements laboratory and field experiments. In this research, a mathematical model was formulated to simulate induced defense mechanism of Tomato plant. This model was formulated using Enzyme-Substrate reaction pathways and simulated using SIMBIOlLOGY software, using eight variables and associated parameters. It was shown that tolerance to Bacterial, Fungal and Viral infection was seen to be significantly high as compared to untreated plants, and white fly herbivory reduced. This induced tolerance was triggered using Potassium Phosphite treatment as an elicitor, to initiate a cascade of Enzyme-Substrate reaction which activated the production of Tomatine, Phytogenesis-Related Proteins, and other Phytoalexins and defense genes. It was shown that treated tomato plants were less susceptible to infecetion, upto s≤0.15, while untreated tomato plants were highly susceptible up to over s≤0.69. The production of growth inhibitors was significantly reduced for treated plants and eventually the yield of treated plants increased by y≥57%. The results can also be applied to induce Systemic Acquired Resistance of crops to Insect herbivory, especially on desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria) a real devastating factor to crop production.
Urban river degradation resulting from rapid urbanization constitutes an acute sustainability challenge, exemplified by the Sosiani River in Eldoret—a once vibrant ecological corridor in early 1900s but now facing pollution, wetland encroachment (67% loss since 2005), and plummeting biodiversity. As Eldoret expands by 4.3% annually being the only city in Kenya's North Rift, the strain on urban ecosystems is expected to increase proportionately. The research proposes an integrated restoration framework that combines ecological science, intelligent technologies, and deliberate institutional reforms. Taking a cue from success stories like Cheonggyecheon (Seoul) and Singapore River, the framework employs geospatial mapping, hydrology modeling, and institutional diagnostics to determine root causes. Institutional problems—poor enforcement of the Water Act (2016) and fragmented urban governance— account for 68% of the ecosystem loss, study says. Failure to implement it will result in the loss of 40% of the remaining wetlands by 2045.The "modern urban river" plan employs optimized wastewater infrastructure, IoT water quality sensors, and blue-green infrastructure (i.e., bioswales, constructed wetlands) to build resilience. A County investment of KES 1.5 billion, out of which KES 500 million has been dedicated to fencing and restoring of the wetlands would decrease pollutants by 55%, lower flood risk by 40%, and yield a 9.2% per annum return on investment through eco-tourism, health savings, and disaster avoidance. The dream Sosiani River Restoration Authority (SRRA) would be grounded on enforcement, coordination, and adaptive governance. Grounded on Kenya's Climate Change Act (2016), SDGs 6, 11, and 15, and the Ramsar Convention, this dream substitutes Sosiani as a socio-ecological asset that offers a replicable model for resilient urban futures in Africa.
Abstract: nuclear energy is clean energy technology as it produces zero greenhouse emissions. Most of the nuclear reactor products are from (n, y) reactions. This are free neutrons with kinetic energy and has large effective cross-section. Our objective was examined the solution of partial differential equation for the case in which the medium is unbound, calculated neutron age and thermal energy for C and Be. The stationary equation of the transfer of neutrons with simplifying assumption lead to the function S which describes the source of neutrons, the required quantity u(x,τ) is concentration of neutrons per unit time, reaching the age τ; consequently, u is the density of deceleration. The solution was found by introducing the Fourier map U(ξ,τ) of the density of deceleration U(x,τ). Taking into account the behavior of density of deceleration at infinity, we obtained u(ξ,τ)=(2π)^(-ξ) e^(-ξ^2 τ). When neutrons reach a specific velocity, they cease to lose energy and their motion can be described using classical theory of diffusion. If the medium is infinite, we introduced Fourier images for ρ and q; expressed through the value of the functionq(z). The calculated neutron age for graphite and beryllium were found to be 12 and 9 respectively. In order to simplify the calculation, a continuous loss of energy for slowing down neutrons was assumed in state of actual discontinuous energy loss.
The massive forest degradation caused by anthropogenic activities and exacerbated by climate change has signaled the need for forest habitat restoration efforts. The most appropriate way of restoring these forests is through tree planting where the need for seeds is paramount. Traditionally, seeds for restoration activities have mainly been sourced through collections from the wild, which is unsustainable. In order to ensure responsible restoration practice, Foresters and restoration practitioners continued to explore other options of economical, ethical and sustainable sourcing of seeds. Seed banks can leverage on technical and infrastructural capacity to play a greater and more direct role in supporting biodiversity and ecosystem conservation and restoration, particularly through the supply of quality ecologically and genetically suitable seeds. This paper reviews the use of seed banks in enhancing tree cover and forest restoration in Kenya. This review focuses on status of seed banks in Kenya, seed collecting, field-based seed bulking, handling and storage, seed quality control as well as experience and capacity in facilitating germplasm exchange. Five key roles of seed banks in Kenyan forestry sector include preserving genetic diversity, biodiversity conservation, protect species from extinction, plant breeding programmes and ecological restoration. Technical and physical capacity for ecosystem restoration seed supply available in seed banks in Kenya included availability of germplasm, seed processing, storage, quality assurance and control and germplasm exchange. In Kenya, seed banks have established close working relationships with various experts in making it easy to find information on species phenology, distribution patterns, optimum collecting time and sites with appropriate restoration seeds. Most restoration projects in Kenya give little consideration to seed quality control and assurance. There is a need to explore how the resources amassed through the largely successful ex situ conservation initiatives and efforts can be used to support in situ conservation and restoration activities.
Citrus production faces major threats from Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, the causative agent of citrus canker, and Tylenchulus semipenetrans, the citrus nematode, both of which contribute to significant yield losses worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests potential interactions between these pathogens, exacerbating disease severity and complicating management. Conventional control methods, including chemical pesticides and antibiotics, pose environmental risks, contribute to antimicrobial resistance, and may negatively impact non-target organisms. Therefore, there is an urgent need for sustainable and eco-friendly management strategies. This study will investigates the efficacy of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in controlling X. citri and T. semipenetrans through in vitro assays. AgNPs will be synthesized using plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents, ensuring an environmentally friendly production method. Characterization of the synthesized AgNPs will be conducted using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to confirm their properties. The antibacterial activity against X. citri will be assessed using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, while the nematicidal effect on T. semipenetrans will be evaluated through motility inhibition and mortality tests. Additionally, co-inoculation studies will be performed to investigate possible interactions between the bacterium and the nematode in vitro and assess whether AgNPs can disrupt these interactions. By developing a green nanotechnology-based alternative, this research aims to promote an environmentally sustainable and innovative approach to citrus disease management. The use of biosynthesized AgNPs could minimize reliance on chemical pesticides, reduce environmental contamination, and contribute to climate change mitigation by promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Participants ask questions and give feedback to presenters
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The Yala Wetland, a key ecosystem in Kenya, plays a vital role in provision of ecosystem services and by extension, a source of livelihoods for local communities, and a natural shield against environmental pressures. This study investigates nutrients retention capacity at the Yala wetland, focusing on the selected parameters at the inlet and outlet within a selected temporal span. Key parameters, including dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), water temperature, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations, were monitored to assess temporal changes and nutrient retention. The mean DO concentration at the inlet exhibited significant temporal variation (F=7.315, p=0.051), while the outlet showed no significant changes (F=5.657, p=0.063). EC values at both sites varied significantly (F=28.387, p=0.004), with the inlet reaching a maximum of 341.1 μS/cm in March. Nutrient analyses revealed that ammonium concentrations significantly differed across months at both the inlet (F=8.257, p=0.035) and outlet (F=7.463, p=0.028). Nitrate and total nitrogen concentrations showed no significant variation during the study period. Notably, the wetland acted as a nutrient sink, retaining 40% of ammonium, 30.52% of nitrate, and 28.57% of total phosphorus. Understanding these relationships is vital for safeguarding water quality and supporting biodiversity. In conclusion, ongoing research and proactive management approaches are key to preserving the integrity of Yala Wetland and strengthening its resilience against future environmental challenges.
Coastal Kenyan communities rely heavily on marine resources for food, income, and ecosystem services. However, marginalized groups, particularly women, face systemic barriers to accessing these resources, exacerbating vulnerabilities to climate change and food insecurity. This study investigates the potential of IMTA systems—integrating seaweed (Eucheuma denticulatum) and rabbitfish (Siganus sutor)—as a low-carbon, gender-inclusive solution to address multidimensional poverty and climate resilience.
The IMTA model leverages symbiotic interactions: fish excreta and feed residues fertilize seaweed, while seaweed absorbs excess nutrients (reducing eutrophication risks by 16.58 t PO₄³⁻ eq. and 32.29 t N eq.) and sequesters CO₂, mitigating coastal acidification. Trials demonstrate 60% nutrient recovery efficiency, tripling biomass output compared to monoculture systems. Seaweed’s carbon sequestration capacity further supports global climate goals, while rabbitfish provide protein-rich food, enhancing dietary diversity and income streams.
Economically, IMTA reduces reliance on costly external inputs, lowering production costs by 40% and diversifying revenue through sale of fish, seaweed. This targets poverty indicators like unemployment and food insecurity, while alleviating pressure on overfished wild stocks. Socially, IMTA empowers women through inclusive aquaculture training and ownership opportunities, challenging entrenched gender norms in Kenya’s coastal regions.
Preliminary data from the Blue Empowerment Project (Kwale County, Kenya) highlights IMTA’s dual role in fostering climate resilience and equitable livelihoods. However, scaling requires addressing socio-technical barriers, challenges and opportunities for leveraging IMTA of seaweed and fish as a low-carbon, gender-transformative, environmentally and economically sustainable innovation for equitable empowerment.
This study proposes a holistic analysis of IMTA’s viability, integrating social, technological, and institutional dimensions. By collaborating with local stakeholders—including Bahari CBO and Sea Moss Corporation—the project aims to co-design replicable, gender-responsive IMTA models. Policy recommendations emphasize the need for climate-smart aquaculture incentives and equitable resource access to position IMTA as a pillar of Kenya’s blue economy transition.
Keywords: IMTA, seaweed, rabbitfish, climate change, poverty
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Key note speech
Soil in its natural state is usually unsuitable for engineering applications and must be treated to improve its load bearing characteristics. Emerging technologies make it possible to improve soil properties. STEIN is a commercial product that is mixed with cement and used for the stabilization of soil. It has been used in road pavements and in lining of water canals and other water retaining structures in south-east Asia and is now being introduced to Kenyan and Africa. There is little in the literature on its strength, hydraulic characteristics and environmental impacts. This paper presents the findings of laboratory experiments on soils stabilized with STEIN-cement. Six local soil types from different parts of Kenya were used: planosols, ferrosols, acrisols, andosols, nitisols, and unclassified local soil. X-ray diffraction tests was performed on the soils and the STEIN. Two types of cement were used: pozzolanic Portland cement (PPC) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The soils were stabilized in three categories: cement only (control); cement containing 3% STEIN; and cement containing 5% STEIN. The specimens were prepared, cured and tested for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that STEIN and cement consist of numerous similar minerals but in different proportions. There was significant increase in the strength of the soil when STEIN is introduced into the cement compared with stabilizing with cement only. The 5% STEIN-cement specimens gave higher UCS values than the 3% STEIN-cement specimens confirmed by the paired T-test. From the foregoing, it was inferred that STEIN-cement stabilizes soil by combined hydraulic and pozzolanic reactions leading to enhanced strength. The reactions are inorganic, cementatious and thus create stable medium for multi-purpose engineering use. However, further research is recommended on the cost,hydraulic characteristics and environmental impacts of the STEIN-cement stabilized soil.
Key words:Soil stabilization,STEIN,Unconfined compressive strength
Abstract
At the global level, local financing of energy generation in such regions has led to accelerated economic growth, reduced foreign reliance on energy, and improved system reliability. The Kenya Constitution of 2010 also set up a system of devolution that vested the responsibility of overseeing most sectors with the counties, including energy. Devolution to the Uasin Gishu County presents an opportunistic benefit in exploiting indigenous energy resources with a possibility of potentially exporting surplus power to neighboring counties and even abroad to contribute own-source revenues.This study evaluates the existing energy mix and future generations possible in Uasin Gishu County. To start with, the installed capacity is currently made up of solar (140 MW), hydro (2 MW), thermal (100 kW), and wind (less than 5 kW). Other investments in development by the private sector include the Kaptagat solar plant for ammonia production (195 MW) and the proposed Copper Hetero Junction Thin Films (Cu-HJT, 20 MW) at the African Economic Zone(AEZ). Understanding that the County is just 30 km away from Kerio Valley oil field, there is a reasonable basis to suggest that indeed it is a candidate for future oil exploration. The County has a significant scope in bio diesel (from big grain crops such as wheat, maize, and sugarcane) and biogas, with over 3,000 dairy farmers eligible for small-scale digester installation. A research on Hydrogen energy is being conducted by Moi University and will provide future opportunities in the sector. This paper attempts to approximate the collective potential energy production from such resources, quantify cost saving by reduced grid dependency, and conduct a cost-benefit analysis to assess whether an expansion in localized generation is economically viable.
Key Words:Energy Mix, Solar, Wind, Hydro, hydrogen, Biodiesel, Biogas, Cu-HJT
Global warming, fueled by fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and industrial pollution, endangers ecosystems, notably the biodiverse Great Rift Valley. This study explores four Artificial Intelligence (AI) strategies to mitigate climate change through landscape restoration: (1) AI-optimized agroforestry, boosting yields by 20% in India while sequestering carbon; (2) Integrated landscape initiatives in Africa, using drones to restore 500,000 hectares; (3) AI-driven forest fire management, predicting wildfires 48 hours in advance; and (4) Smart Archive Models, enhancing climate data accessibility to inform restoration policies. These approaches reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 15–20%, protect biodiversity, and foster sustainable rural development. Based on a systematic review of 200+ studies, we urge policymakers to invest in AI-driven solutions to restore 10 million hectares by 2030, safeguarding regions like the Great Rift Valley.
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While there are studies on effect of climate change on food insecurity in Homa-Bay [1,3], studies relating to effect of climate change on soil quality and food security aren’t evident. This paper detailed influence of climate change on soil security and its implication on food security in the study area. It examined the cost of anthropogenic-based practices (ABPs) on climate change; interrogated their ripple effect on soil and food security situation. Praxeology theory was used to explore environmental consequences of ABPs. 250 respondents were sampled from 262,036 households for quantitative data and 20 Key Informants purposively identified for qualitative data. It was a cross-sectional survey study and quantitative data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. Opinions from FGDs, KII, and Field Observation were qualitatively analyzed. Results showed monoculture (96.2%), tractor tillage (71.4%), livestocking (82.3%), stone mining (92.4%), deforestation (89.1%), and hill slope-based practices (87.9%) induced climate change. Binary Logistic Regression Analysis (BLRA) indicated deforestation (B = -0.462, S.E = 0.381 and P< 0.032), stone mining (B= -0.756, S.E = 0.364 and P = 0.038), conventional tillage (B= -0.961, S.E = 0.489 and P = 0.05), slope-based activities (B= -0.801, S.E = 0.368 and P = 0.0290) predicted food insecurity. Study concludes that ABPs result to climate change, soil insecurity and significantly cause food insecurity in Homa-Bay County. The study recommends suspension of slope-based activities on elevated areas particularly on Homa-Hills, review stone extraction and tractor cultivation policies, intensive and purposive reforestation programs.
Abstract
This study evaluated water quality across five farms to assess their suitability for fish farming. Efforts to promote fish farming in Uasin Gishu County persist, but research on enhancing fisheries productivity through better pond management remains limited. Most studies focus on production techniques or market development, neglecting the importance of effective pond management for sustainable growth. Key physicochemical parameters, including pH, Biological oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen demand, salinity, conductivity, and temperature, were measured in-situ in selected fish ponds using a Multi-probe HQ40D meter, while water samples for nitrate analysis were collected in triplicate and transported to the laboratory for further analysis. Data analysis involved ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests, with Tukey’s and Dunn’s tests identifying variations and Fisher’s exact test assessing associations between water quality parameters and farm, pond, type, and measurement date (P ≤ 0.05).Most farms maintained suitable water temperatures (25–30°C), with salinity, pH, and TDS within acceptable limits. However, dissolved oxygen levels often fell below the recommended range (60–100% or 0.1–0.2 mmol/L), which could negatively impact aquatic life.Conductivity showed slight variations, while high COD and BOD levels (exceeding 50 mg/L and 20 mg/L, respectively) indicated organic pollution. Although nitrate levels remained stable, microbial contamination was a significant concern, with coliform and bacterial counts frequently surpassing 10,000 CFU. These findings highlight the need for improved water management to control pollution and ensure sustainable aquaculture. This study found most water quality parameters suitable for aquaculture, but low dissolved oxygen, high BOD and COD, and microbial contamination in some farms could harm fish health and productivity. To enhance water quality, regular pond cleaning, controlled feeding, and monitoring should be prioritized to reduce organic pollution, maintain optimal BOD and COD levels, and control microbial contamination.
Keywords: Water quality, Aquaculture, coliforms, Nitrates.
The 20th century saw a radical shift in population dynamics, with rural-to-urban migration transforming small towns into mega cities. This rapid urbanization, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, has accessioned an increased generation of solid waste within the municipalities and major cities, thereby piling pressure on sustainable environmental programs, public health, and local government finances. Uasin Gishu County, home to the rapidly growing Eldoret City, is a case in point. Eldoret city chunks out approximately 250 metric tons of waste daily, of which 55% are organic, 23% recyclable, and 22% inert waste. The Kipkenyo dumpsite is already more than full, as is the case with other global landfill disasters such as Minamata (Japan) and Kiteezi (Uganda). Projections indicate a 220% volume growth in waste by 2044. Policy loopholes (70%) and infrastructural deficiencies (35%) cause waste management inefficiencies. This study proposes an integrated investment scheme of $12.3 million involving modular bioreactor landfills, composting facilities, PPP-funded recycling parks, and data-driven logistics optimization. Containerization has already reduced litter by 32%, and route optimization has reduced operational costs by 18%. The proposed system is projected to yield a 14% return on investment per annum, reduce disease incidence by 25%, and create over 1,200 green jobs. Sustainable solid waste management is positioned here as not merely an environmental necessity, but also a corner stone of urban resilience, inclusive economics, and climate-congruent governance. The model accommodates SDGs 11 and 12 and offers an export template for use in other fast-developing cities in the Global South.
Background and objective: Climate change can disrupt food availability, reduce access to food, and affect diet quality. This study examined the effect of seasonality on household dietary diversity (HDDS) and diet quality of women and children in two agro-ecological zones of Rongai sub-county, Nakuru, Kenya.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study of 388 mother-child pair was conducted during lean and plenty season. Household food insecurity access scale was used to measure food security. The HDDS were computed based on 12 food groups. A 24-Hour Dietary Recall was used to generate dietary diversity scores (DDS) of women and children.
Results: The HDDS of households from low agricultural potential areas was not affected (P>0.05) by seasonality despite increased food access during plenty season (57.3%) as compared to lean season (36.8%). However, in high potential areas, food access increased (P>0.05) from 55.8% to 73.5% while HDDS decreased. Women who achieved minimum dietary diversity (MDD) increased [low potential areas (13.9% vs. 57.8%, P<0.001)] and high potential areas [20.0% vs. 49.1%, P<0.001)] in lean and plenty seasons respectively. Furthermore, children who achieved MDD significantly decreased from 58.9% in lean season to 47% during plenty season in low potential areas while there was no change in the dietary diversity of children from high potential areas. Binary logistic regression showed no effect of seasonality on child diet quality, however, seasonal changes significantly (P<0.001) reduced household food access, HDDS and diet quality of women.
Conclusion and Recommendation: Child diet quality was not affected by seasonal variations in the two agroecological zones; however, it negatively affected household food access, household dietary diversity and diet quality of women. It is important to develop targeted season-specific nutrition interventions to adequately address food access and diet quality for improved nutrition outcomes.
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Abstract
Aim: Hypertension prevalence in Kenya exhibits substantial variation across demographic and geographic groups, posing challenges for the development of universally effective interventions. This study aims to identify and analyse trends in hypertension prevalence disaggregated by age, sex, and county.
Method: We analysed hypertension prevalence trends among males and females aged 15–49 years using data from the 2022 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. Counties were categorised according to the 47 administrative units defined by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, and age was stratified into three groups: 15–24, 25–34, and 35–49 years. To assess prevalence inequalities across these groups, we employed a log-binomial regression model.
Results: The risk of hypertension increases significantly with age. Compared to individuals aged 15–24 years, those aged 25–34 exhibit a 1.77-fold higher risk (p = 0.000118), while individuals aged 35–49 demonstrate a 5.67-fold increased risk (p < 0.0001). Females are at a significantly higher risk of hypertension compared to males, with a relative risk (RR) of 4.11 (p = 0.000489). High-risk counties include Nairobi, Kisumu, and Nakuru. In contrast, counties such as Wajir (RR ≈ 0.000004, p < 0.0001), Nandi (RR ≈ 0.08, p = 0.003), Elgeyo-Marakwet (RR ≈ 0.06, p = 0.015), and Kirinyaga (RR ≈ 0.15, p = 0.019) exhibit significantly lower risk levels. Conversely, females in Kirinyaga are at elevated risk (RR ≈ 3.64, p = 0.043). Notably, hypertension risk among females tends to decline with age, particularly among those aged 35–49 years (risk change: –0.60, p = 0.018).
Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions for older adults and females, and call for further investigation into protective factors in low-risk counties to guide effective prevention strategies
Keywords: hypertension prevalence, trends, logbinomial model, disaggregated.
Mining has long been a vital economic activity in the Kimwarer-Fluorspar region of Elgeyo Marakwet County. For years, fluorspar mining made Kimwarer a lively business town, offering jobs and attracting trade and services that sustained the local economy. However, this economic boost came with significant environmental consequences. Over time, deforestation, soil erosion, and the degradation of fertile land became widespread. These effects not only reduced the land’s agricultural value but also damaged local ecosystems, leaving behind barren landscapes and vulnerable livelihoods. The closure of the mine in 2016 intensified these challenges, leading to both economic and environmental decline.
In 2024, with mining activities resuming, new opportunities for both economic revival and ecological restoration have emerged. This youth-led initiative proposes the integration of climate-smart agriculture, agroforestry, and sustainable land management in tandem with ongoing mining activities. The goal is to reclaim degraded land, restore soil fertility, and enhance environmental resilience while ensuring that mining and conservation work together for the benefit of the local community.
Methods: Field visit to Kimwarer Fluorspar mine on 20th Feb 2025, interviews with local community members and analysis of secondary data were used to gather insights for this research.
Findings: Findings show mining has degraded land and reduced agricultural value. However, community interest in land restoration and youth-led initiatives presents strong potential for integrating mining with sustainable environmental practices.
Conclusion: Mining and environmental restoration can coexist. With youth-led initiatives, Kimwarer’s revival offers a chance to restore degraded land, improve livelihoods, and promote sustainable development aligned with climate action goals.
Aim: Food insecurity and economic instability have resulted from the severe effects of droughts on agricultural output in Kenya's Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs). These regions have faced increasing vulnerability due to erratic rainfall patterns, resulting in severe crop failures and livestock losses. Despite efforts to forecast droughts, existing techniques have frequently been imprecise, thereby hindering timely intervention. By developing a CNN-based framework with CHIRPS precipitation data and the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI), this study aimed to increase the precision of drought forecasts and provide actionable insights on managing the effects of drought in ASALs by describing past drought occurrences, analysing precipitation trends, and utilising machine learning.
Method: The research involved preprocessing CHIRPS data, spanning from 1981 to 2024, to calculate SPI values and address missing data using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method. A CNN-based model that integrated precipitation's temporal and spatial characteristics was developed to forecast drought situations. The model was trained to identify spatial hotspots and forecast drought events across the 14 semi-arid counties in Kenya's ASAL region.
Results: To facilitate more informed decision-making for drought mitigation, this framework aimed to increase the accuracy and timeliness of drought predictions. When compared to conventional techniques, the CNN model performed better, improving the capacity to predict drought occurrences with more accuracy and spatial precision.
Conclusion: The results of this study offer a useful tool for enhancing resilience in Kenya's ASALs and informing proactive drought management strategies.
Keywords: CNN-Based, Chirps Precipitation Data, Forecasting Drought
Sweet potato (\textit{Ipomoea batatas}) is a vital food crop with the potential to enhance global food security. However, its yield optimization remains a challenge due to soil fertility variations, climatic factors, and inefficient agronomic practices. Traditional experimental designs often fail to capture complex interactions between variables, necessitating advanced optimization techniques. This study employs second-order rotatable designs (SORD) constructed using trigonometric functions to model and optimize sweet potato yield under different organic fertilizer applications. The objective is to determine the most effective combination and application rate of poultry, goat, and rabbit manure for maximizing yield. A SORD with 23 design points was implemented to ensure uniform precision across the factor space. Field experiments were conducted using randomized block designs, and data were analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The results indicate that poultry manure significantly enhances sweet potato yield compared to goat and rabbit manure. However, a combination of poultry and goat manure in a 3:2 ratio provided the highest yield increase. The trigonometric-based SORD approach effectively captured interactions and quadratic effects, leading to precise yield optimization. The study concludes that SORD constructed with trigonometric functions offers an efficient framework for optimizing crop yield under varying soil fertility conditions. It is recommended that farmers adopt a mixed manure approach to improve sweet potato productivity sustainably. Further research should explore the integration of additional soil amendments, long-term soil health effects, and the impact of climate variability on sweet potato yield using advanced modeling techniques.
Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of drought is essential for managing climate-related risks in arid and semi-arid regions. This study investigates long-term trends in drought severity in Kajiado County, Kenya, using historical climate data from 1981 to 2023. The region, predominantly inhabited by pastoralist communities, is highly vulnerable to climatic fluctuations, particularly variability in precipitation and rising temperatures. To characterise temporal trends and project future climate variability, the study employs Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) models alongside the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI). Monthly precipitation and temperature data from three subcounties; Kajiado East, West, and Central were analysed. Following preprocessing, stationarity was assessed using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, and SARIMA model parameters were optimised using ACF, PACF, and information criteria metrics. The best-fitting SARIMA models were identified for each subcounty, and forecasts extending to 2028 reveal consistent seasonal patterns, particularly rainfall peaks in April and November and troughs in July–August. SPI analysis on a 3-month scale enabled classification of wet and dry periods, revealing significant interannual variability with documented extreme droughts (for example, 1982–1984, 1994, 2000) and wet events (for example, 1998, 2010). The Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen’s slope estimator showed statistically significant upward trends in SPI values across all subcounties, suggesting a gradual shift towards wetter conditions. However, correlation analysis between SPI and temperature anomalies revealed weak to moderate negative relationships, indicating the compounding effect of warming on drought severity. This integrated modelling approach not only quantifies past and projected climatic trends but also enhances understanding of hydroclimatic variability crucial for informed adaptation planning. The findings underscore the importance of localised forecasting tools in supporting pastoralist resilience and policy formulation in the face of intensifying climate variability.
Maize is one of the stable foods in Kenya, and it is gaining prominence as an animal fodder crop for cattle farmers. As technology improves, and people abandon the traditional nomadic pastoralism, there is a need to have adequate storage of animal feeds to sustain animals around the season. The most important quality of fodder crops is to be lush, tall, and bushy, a characteristic determined by nitrogen uptake, facilitated by water, phosphate, and potassium. In this research, the investigation sought to ascertain the optimal vegetative yield of maize with minimum water supply using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in semi-dry soil enriched with NPK, in a controlled greenhouse environment. The experimental treatments were determined using the Central Composite Design based on varying levels of water supply (10%, 25%, and 50% of soil field capacity), nitrogen (10, 15, and 25 g hole-1), and phosphorus and potassium equally applied at (5, 10, 15g hole-1). The investigation's findings demonstrated that increased nitrogen fertilization rate positively influenced all agronomic traits, but left high nitrogen concentrations in the soil due to minimal absorption media. Nitrogen increased plant bush weight, and leave area, but minimal water supply curtailed the plant height and agronomic attributes. The optimal levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer were found to be 42.73 – 47.80%, and 3.38–5.69 g hole-1 respectively. The optimal amounts for NPK retention in soil and plant uptake were 82.57 – 98.00%, and 4.20–5.98 g hole-1, respectively. The study concluded that plants with minimal water supply, like that of semi-arid areas, require nitrogen levels not greater than 50% per hole, since excess was seen to cause leave necrosis. The availability of other nutrients was however seen to plant biomass and enhance nutrient uptake.
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Perovskite solar cell (PSC) is among the emerging photovoltaic technologies known for their high solar power conversion efficiency (PCE) and low manufacturing costs. However, their solution- based processing leads to the formation of defects within the bulk of the perovskite layer and at its interfaces with the charge transport layers. These defects act as charge trapping centers and provide the degradation routes which not only reduces the PCE of perovskite solar cells but also leads to instability issues. Various defect passivation strategies have been developed but the use of additives appears to have gained preferences over the others. In this work, 1-D Solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) was employed to study the effects of Coumarin additive on the PCE of formamidinium-based PSC. Parametric studies were carried out on the Coumarin modified PSC device in order to identify routes for further improvement in the PCE. It was found that a further reduction in defect density, band gap and series resistance together with an increase in the charge carrier mobilities are important in achieving higher PCE. This study provides an insight into the role of additives in enhancing the PCE of PSC and the output serves as a reference to guide the design of effective experimental model PSC devices.
Keywords: Coumarin additive, perovskite film, power conversion efficiency, SCAPS-1D.
Abstract
Fish farming plays a crucial role in food security and economic development, yet bacterial and parasitic infections threaten productivity and fish health. This study investigates the distribution and prevalence of bacterial and parasitic species in fish organs across different farms, ponds, and pond types in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. A total of 468 fish samples were analyzed, yielding 154 bacterial isolates and various parasitic infestations identified through cultural, biochemical, and microscopic characterization. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in bacterial prevalence across fish organs, farms, and measurement dates. Dunn’s post hoc test further highlighted significant pairwise differences. The results revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in bacterial and parasitic prevalence across fish organs, farms, and measurement dates. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacterial species, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio alginolyticus. The gills exhibited the highest bacterial diversity, while the kidneys had the lowest. Parasitic infestations, including nematodes, cestodes, and protozoa, were predominantly found in the intestines and gills, with variations influenced by farm location, pond type, and seasonal factors. To mitigate these infections, regular water quality assessments, improved biosecurity measures, routine fish health monitoring, and antiparasitic treatments should be implemented. Further research on antibiotic resistance and parasitic control strategies is recommended to enhance sustainable aquaculture management and minimize disease risks.
Keywords: Bacterial diversity, parasitic infections, fish farming, aquaculture management
Effects of matter deposition on the Power output of Mono- and Poly-crystalline solar panels and assembling of automated GSM-based cleaning system
The overreliance on unsustainable fossil fuels has shifted attention to the adoption of renewable sources such as solar energy, which also faces power efficiency problems due to low solar energy capture. Accumulation of particulate matter, particularly dust, significantly affects the performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels by obstructing light transmittance, thereby reducing output power and degrading system efficiency. This study investigates the effects of dust accumulation of varying particle sizes on the power output of monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels installed in Eldoret, Kenya. Dust samples collected from a nearby tarmac road were classified into particle size ranges of 0.748 mm to 3.447 mm and applied in controlled amounts to the panel surfaces. The results indicated that dust particle sizes below 1.97 mm on polycrystalline panels retained more efficiency, while monocrystalline panels performed better for dust particles above 1.97 mm. An average 91% power reduction on polycrystalline panels and 96% on monocrystalline panels was observed for a 60 g dust spread of the mixture of unsorted dust particles on the panels. To mitigate power losses due to dust accumulation, an innovative telecommunications-based cleaning system was developed, leveraging GSM feature phone technology to automate panel cleaning. This system achieved a 64% power restoration by removing accumulated dust without requiring internet connectivity, making it an ideal solution for remote or off-grid regions. This study provides crucial insights into panel selection for dusty environments and introduces a cost-effective, accessible maintenance solution for PV systems.
Keywords: Photovoltaic, Dust particles, efficiency, GSM-based cleaning system.
Challenges and Opportunities in Kenya's Energy Sector: Addressing Rural Electrification, Consumer Prices, and Power Losses on Distribution
Kenya's energy sector faces significant challenges in rural electrification, high consumer prices, and substantial power losses during distribution. As of 2018, only 56% of Kenyan households had access to electricity, with rural areas lagging at 31%. The high cost of grid extension to remote areas and inefficiencies in distribution systems, including technical losses (up to 18%) and non-technical losses (up to 15%), exacerbate the issue. These losses, totaling over 33% of generated power, inflate consumer costs and hinder economic growth.
Opportunities for improvement include investing in renewable energy sources like solar and wind, modernizing the distribution network, and implementing smart metering systems to reduce losses. Deregulation and liberalization of the sector could also foster competition and innovation, potentially lowering prices. However, these measures require careful regulatory frameworks to protect consumers and manage transitions effectively. Addressing these challenges through comprehensive policy adjustments can enhance the reliability, efficiency, and affordability of Kenya's electricity supply, contributing to sustainable economic development
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising for next-generation photovoltaics due to their high power conversion efficiency, tunable bandgaps, and cost-effective fabrication [1]. However, lead toxicity and material instability remain key challenges. This study explores the effects of Bismuth (Bi), Antimony (Sb), and Tin (Sn) doping on the optoelectronic properties of formamidinium-based mixed lead halide perovskites using an ab initio Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach.
DFT calculations using the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA-PBE) exchange-correlation functional were performed to analyze the structural, electronic, and optical properties of the undoped perovskite. The bandgap of undoped FAPbI₃ was calculated to be 1.28 eV, aligning well with values suitable for efficient light absorption in solar cells. Structural relaxation confirmed lattice stability in the pristine material.
Currently, one of the selected dopants, Sn doping simulations are in progress to evaluate its effects on bandgap modulation, defect states, and charge transport properties. Preliminary insights suggest that Sn incorporation could enhance light absorption and improve charge carrier dynamics, contributing to overall device performance. Further analysis, including defect formation energies and optical absorption spectra, will provide deeper insight into the viability of doping for optimizing perovskite solar cell efficiency.
This study aims to determine optimal dopant concentrations for enhanced optoelectronic performance
while maintaining structural stability. Further analysis, including defect formation energies and charge
transport characteristics, provided deeper insights into the impact of doping on perovskite solar cells.
References
1. R. Rajeswari, M. Mrinalini, S. Prasanthkumar, and L. Giribabu, “Emerging of Inorganic Hole Transporting Materials For Perovskite Solar Cells,” Chem. Rec., vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 681–699, 2017, doi: 10.1002/tcr.201600117.
Polluting fuel use in households poses health, environmental and socio-economic problems. The use of clean cooking fuel is largely limited due to cost. To effectively reach the rural population, financing models supportive of the low-income earners need to be put in place. Bidhaa Sasa Social Enterprise Model (BS) is a social marketing approach that distributes clean cooking equipment to the rural poor and has been in operation in Western Kenya since 2017. This study evaluated how Bidhaa Sasa initiative supported rural households in Western Kenya to adopt clean, improved cooking fuel and technologies.
This study adopted a mixed method approach. 1006 households, who bought cooking products from Bidhaa Sasa either in Kapsabet or Moi’s Bridge hub, were surveyed. The participants were identified from the Company customers through their coordinators and Group Leaders. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and Inferential statistics. Thirteen participants from the survey were purposively sampled for in-depth interviews. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically.
Significant number (93%) of those who bought clean stoves are still in possession of them, and up to 97% are using them. The study found household income as the main predictor of the main cook stove used before Bidhaa Sasa (P=0.029), however, the association could not hold after the initiative (P=0.409) instead there was a significant improvement in the use of cleaner fuel (P=0.000). Qualitative findings indicates that the initiative was popular due to flexible repayment period, good customer relations, quality products and product demonstrations. Enablers of transition to clean fuels included; health issues, convenience, challenges in procuring the previous fuel and cost.
There was a significant improvement in transition to use of cleaner fuels after Bidhaa Sasa Initiative. However, fuel stacking is still common among rural households. Similar models involving peer support could be explored as we move towards attaining SDG 7.
Abstract: The use of nuclear energy offers numerous peaceful applications in the generation of electricity, medical diagnostics and treatment, agricultural advancement and food preservation. The main aim was to apply the concept of the cross-section to resonance in a quantitative manner. It gave the value of a single resonance level formed by an incident particle with zero angular momentum and charge zero so that the spin and the coulomb effects were not taken into consideration. The level of compound nucleus is bound, the excitation by incident particle was treated as oscillation produced by electromagnetic wave. We varied the nuclear cross-section with the incident energy, the same way the energy in a forced oscillation varies with incident frequency. In classical treatment, resonant circuits absorb energy because of resistive levels. For the case of nuclear, damping arises because of decay possibilities, hence nuclear states have a finite width Γ. A decaying state wave function of mean energy E_0 corresponds to an exponential decrease of intensity of excitation. It is via the r-process that exotic neutron rich nuclei play an important role in the formation of heavy elements. The result showed that a decaying state is not a function of definite energy E_ . A sharp resonance corresponds to a narrow width, hence the peak cross-section is 3.446×〖10〗^43 barns and was analogous to the dispersion formula. The compound formed nucleus in this resonance absorption has a spin 2. Improved nuclear structure and reaction calculation gives a better understanding of radiative capture rates of light-nuclei and medium-nuclei which affects the abundance of heavier nuclei.
Energy is an essential element, but its negative consequences such as environmental deterioration, resource depletion and energy dependencies puts energy efficiency alternatives/or solutions in the spotlight. Therefore there is need for the fusion of AI and Big data in promoting sustainable growth in the renewable energy sector, AI and Big Data focuses on optimizing algorithms, reducing computational needs, and using renewable energy. These technologies are main drivers for transformative approach towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), Mainly SDG 7(Affordable and clean energy),SDG 9(Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).This study will explore the role of AI and Big Data in renewable energy and sustainable development. The methodology will employ text mining techniques to refine AI and Big Data concepts into targeted keywords, with further filtering via the All Science Journals Classification system and SDG-mapping tools to identify publications most relevant to renewable energy applications. The research specifically investigates how predictive analytics can forecast future energy demands, assess climate risks, and identify renewable energy potential across different regions. By identifying best practices and innovation opportunities at this intersection, this study aims to provide a framework that can accelerate progress toward energy sustainability and support global efforts to achieve a net-zero future.
Keywords (Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Sustainable Development Goals, Renewable Energy, Net Zero)
Eminent threat caused by post-harvest losses due to inadequate drying and poor storage is responsible for up to 40-60% loses of agricultural produce each season. In order to address this issue, this paper seeks to formulate a mathematical model and simulate the characteristics of a solar dryer for the purpose of designing an effective and sustainable, low cost thermal solar dryer suitable for dehydrating a variety of agricultural products. The modeled solar food drier has four major parts, namely: Solar heat collector: Closed loop pipe network: Heat exchangers: and the Drying Chamber. The mathematical model was formulated using differential equations, and simulation using SIMULINK. The simulation results showed that, a solar collector with aperture area of A_c=14.4m^2 and a fluid volume of V_c=500l, when exposed to solar irradiation of I_c=1.367KW/m^2 at η_c=80% efficiency is able to heat water from 〖T_in=22〗^0 C to T_co=〖70〗^0 C in 12 hours at a flow rate of v ̇_c=1.128l/s. This energy if transmitted by insulated pipes to a set of 5 heat exchangers each of area A=1m^2, and radiative heat transfer coefficient h_r=100W/m^2 K cumulatively dissipates hot air of maximum 〖230〗^0 C at v ̇=250cm^3/s, and minimum of 〖90〗^0 C at v ̇=2000cm^3/s air mass flow rate. This output temperatures of dry air is regulated as desired according to the specifications of the food products to be dried. In absence of solar energy, Liquefied Petroleum Gas is intermittently used depending on the level of solar insolation. It was found that the optimal cost of the gas in this energy mix is reduced by over 67.86%. This strongly makes the use of solar in food dryers an ideal green energy to be used in mitigating post-harvest losses.
The increase in Population and industrialization has resulted to an increase in energy demand and consumptions. Currently fossil fuels are the major source of staple energy to meet this demand. Over relying on non-renewable energy forms that are expensive, depletable and emitting large amounts of greenhouse gases hence causing adverse effects to both humans and environment. Due to these effects, there is an urgent need to explore and develop alternative and sustainable energy technologies.
Use of renewable energy sources are not only sustainable but friendly both for the user and the environment and offers the best solution to address these global energy challenges. One of the sustainable energy sources is biogas that is produced by anaerobic digestion (AD)using different wastes such as agricultural residues, animal manure, and other organic wastes. Despite the availability of large amounts of agricultural waste, the use of lignocellulosic biomass for biogas production by anaerobic digestion has not been widely adopted due to the complicated structure of the plant cell wall making it resistant to microbial attack. This therefore calls for pretreatment of the lignocellulosic biomass in order to achieve the high biogas yields.
This paper reviews the various pretreatment techniques, of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biogas production. It also highlights the limitations of these pretreatment technologies and the need to develop environmentally friendly technologies using locally available materials.
The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources (solar and wind energy) into modern power grids introduces significant power quality challenges, notably power fluctuations due to their intermittent nature and total harmonic distortion (THD) caused by power electronic-based interface devices, such as grid-connected inverters. Addressing these issues requires robust control strategies to enhance system stability and efficiency. This study implements a proportional-integral (PI) current control strategy optimized using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), with Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) tuning serving as a benchmark. The performance of the control strategy is evaluated using the Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) metric. Simulation results demonstrate that PSO yields superior control accuracy, reducing ITAE to 0.1605 for the D-axis and 0.1491 for the Q-axis control, followed by GA with 0.2053 and 0.1519, while Z-N records significantly higher values of 1.7658 and 1.6595, respectively. In terms of power quality, the total voltage harmonic distortion (THD_V) remains at 0.0% due to effective filtering, while the total current harmonic distortion (THD_i) is minimized to 0.17% with PSO, compared to 0.21% for GA and 1.98% for ZN. The optimized PI control strategy ensures that THD values comply with IEEE 519-2014 and IEC 61000-3-6 Standards, demonstrating its effectiveness in mitigating power fluctuations, reducing harmonics, and improving grid stability. These findings emphasize the critical role of intelligent optimization in enhancing power quality for grid-connected renewable energy systems.
With energy as direct and indirect fundamental life supporting resource, the domestic and industrial demands for energy has been rising due to technological advancement, population increase, and economic growth. Various sources of energy including use of fuels, hydro-electric energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy and nuclear energy are all available alternative sources of energy in different proportions. Production and distribution of energy in an attempt to satisfy the inhomogeneous individual needs, in tandem with the desire to conserve the environment, has been a complex problem, with pertinent constraints including demand, supply, production, distribution and environmental impact dynamics. Mathematical Modelling of Energy Mix and stability in the interchange is considered in this research as a feasible solution to the losses through leakage and wastage, caused by distribution of unused power loading. Through the analysis of individualized demands and associated production and distribution cost. The objectives of this study is to formulate a mathematical model to analyse and determine the desired parameter thresholds that guarantee stability and robustness of energy variation. This is done using Neural Networks feedback control algorithms, with adaptation so as to automatically control and maintain the optimal stability of energy levels during changeover. Using three types of users: Household, School and Small Commercial Entreprise, simulated results show that energy shifts is stable, with a peak time t_p=0.4s and power overshoot of 18.5%. This is stabilized to acceptable tolerance of 2% in a settling time of t_s=4.35s. Energy cost analysis showed that the Energy Mix of Hydro Electicity (E), Solar Power (S) and use of LPG Gas (G) is optimal when used in the ratio E:S:G=6:129:1. Using a Smart Grid system, all sources of energy can be intelligently mixed for the achievement of optimal individualized energy consumption and distribution mix.
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Rising CO2 concentrations, reported at 414 ppm in 2021, largely driven by fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have intensified global efforts to combat climate change. Among various strategies, carbon capture and storage (CCS) has emerged as the most promising. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), known for their porosity and chemical tunability, have shown significant potential as effective adsorbents for CO2.
MOF-16, in particular, exhibits enhanced CO2 capture capabilities due to the role of open metal site (OMS) defects. These defects create active sites that facilitate CO2 adsorption, but their impact on framework porosity, geometry, and CO2 diffusion remains underexplored. Comprehensive studies are essential to understand these aspects and maximize the potential of OMS defects.
Since their discovery in the late 1990s, MOFs have been evaluated for carbon capture based on parameters like CO2 selectivity, storage capacity, adsorption/desorption kinetics, stability through cycles, and enthalpy of CO2 adsorption. MOFs can be customized with features like OMS, polar functional groups, tunable pore sizes, framework flexibility, and Lewis basic sites. These properties enable multiple interactions with CO2, leading to high adsorption capacity while suppressing competing gases such as N2, CH4, and H2O.
This study aims to use Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations to examine the formation energies of OMS defects in MOF-16. Preliminary findings suggest that introducing OMS defects improves CO2 adsorption capacity. The study will further analyze the effects of OMS on framework structure, CO2 diffusion, and porosity, offering insights to optimize MOF-16 for carbon capture.
This exploration highlights the importance of MOFs and OMS defects in advancing carbon capture technologies to address rising atmospheric CO2 levels and mitigate climate change.
Kenya continues to suffer decreased air quality levels attributed to the overreliance on
biomass as a primary source of energy coupled with rapid economic development. This has
resulted in environmental degradation and widespread health challenges arising from
prolonged exposure to poor air quality. To address this problem, Kenya institutionalized a
devolved governance system to make decisions regarding air pollution management.
However, little is known about the effectiveness of the devolved air quality management and
governance system. This paper therefore aimed at assessing the outcomes and challenges
in management of air pollution in a devolved governance system in Kenya. The paper
explored the views of multi-actors involved in management and governance of air pollution in
both Nairobi and Kisumu counties. The study highlights the conflicting roles of national and
county government in the management of air pollution coupled with power influence over
resources and the limited opportunities for citizen involvement in decision-making processes
in the management and governance of air pollution in Kenya. County Governments therefore
need to be further empowered in order to play a robust role in the enforcement of air
pollution standards within their jurisdiction which will ultimately influence the overall air
quality levels in Kenya.
ABSTRACT
Climate change poses one of the most pressing challenges of our time, driven predominantly by increased to concentration of Carbon Dioxide. CO₂ and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. This manuscript explores various strategies for carbon mitigation. Addressing the road for immediate action to reduce emissions and enhance carbon sequestration. We delve into the role of renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable transportation, reforestation, carbon capture and Storage, the (CCS) , and policy frameworks that foster collective action, the document aims to provide a consolidated overview of the current methods challenges and the importance of an integrated approach to achieve a global climate target.
KEY NOTE/ KEY RECORD
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Docklands enterprises is dedication its time and efforts to tackle the effects of climate change by leveling the power of science and technology on ecosystem restoration with intricate technical details of carbon ratio science of which we carryout periodical operation in the laboratory to oversee collections and analysis of the sample collected to measure carbon levels stored in different decaying matter soils and vegetation’s, these are then qualified by measuring each carbon pool individually with a mission to restore land to at least its functional state and to a scale that can reverse the damages of climate change and ecosystem biodiversity less with the local community at helm, to lead innovate and make tangible impacts in Kenya and globally.INTRODUCTION
Climate change is not merely an environmental, it concerns an existing threat that affects the eco system, the economies and the communities worldwide. The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) asserts that to limit global warming to 1.sec above reach net zero by around 2050, And achieving this goal necessitates a multifaced approach to carbon mitigation.
The study explored the efficacy of polar phytochemicals from South African plants as eco-friendly alternatives for water purification. These phytochemicals demonstrated significant potential in removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Specifically, they efficiently extracted iron(III) ions, achieving a removal rate exceeding 80%, while lead(II) and copper(II) ions are removed at rates of over 40% and 20%, respectively, even in the presence of eight other metal ions.
Street lighting, a devolved function under Kenya’s Constitution (2010), is managed by County Governments. However, infrastructure is often controlled by external agencies, with one operator charging Uasin Gishu County USD 2 million annually for street lighting services, projected to rise to USD 4 million in 10 years due to tariff increases. Eldoret City enjoys high solar irradiance (2,000 kWh/m²/year,SD ≈ 50 kWh/m²/year) and approximately 65% sunny days annually.Uasin Gishu County hosts key solar projects, including the operational 55 MW Kesses 1 Solar Plant, the operational 40 MW Radiant Solar Plant, and the 40 MW Eldosol Solar Plant (construction completed and commissioning), totaling approximately 135 MW of installed solar capacity which is fed to the grid and about 20 MW that is captive power.This paper evaluates both technical and financial feasibility of constructing a 5 MW, 10 MWh off-grid solar plant to power 20,000 LED street lanterns (60 W, 12 h/day, 5,256 MWh/year) in Eldoret City, comparing its financial implications with the current operator-based model. If the current model is maintained, it is projected that the County will spend 92 Million USD in the next 15 years for expansion, repair and maintenance and bills payment to the independent operator (driven by the annual cost escalation of 8.2%) compared to 23 Million USD required to set up, operate and maintain the proposed off grid solar plant over the same period. Additional benefits include potential carbon credit revenues ~USD 0.552 million (USD 10/tCO₂e, 3,679 tCO₂e/year, SD ≈ 200 tCO₂e) and enhanced system reliability. The opportunities for financing of the project through Public Private Partnerships (PPP) is reviewed as a probable financing model to bridge the gap of huge initial capital costs of the project at the start which may not be accommodated within the County budget.
Gender disparities and youth exclusion in the political ecology are significant barriers to both social and environmental resilience development in Kenya. This study utilizes a mixed-methods approach that includes quasi-experimental analysis, participatory GIS mapping, and institutional ethnography to assess how structural exclusions such as patriarchal land tenure (where just 18% of women own formal land titles) and youth and women's exclusion from policy design limit their agency in climate action.Despite such constraints, women's groups have established wetland rehabilitation programs and agro ecology, and youth groups have organized clean-up initiatives, civic education platforms, and biogas installations for reducing firewood reliance by 30–40%. However, many of these groups remain unregistered and informal, which precludes them from fully benefiting from institutional support and funding mechanisms. As a result, they are unable to access the financial resources and opportunities available within the county's climate budget, which is often directed toward formally recognized entities. Additionally, capacity development programs ignore local cultural constraints, e.g., gendered land inheritance patterns.This paper advocates for three key reforms: (1) the enforced implementation of 30% binding quotas for the representation of women and youth in decision-making bodies; (2) the establishment of climate finance mechanisms to support microloans for gender-responsive innovations; and (3) the integration of inter sectional vulnerability analysis into both the Kenya Climate Change Act and the Uasin Gishu Climate Change Act. These reforms are essential, as inclusive governance not only advances SDGs 5, 13, and 17, but also serves as a cornerstone for achieving sustainable climate resilience and advancing gender and youth equality in the long term.
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The official closing session for ICRECC 2025
The official closing session for ICRECC 2025
The official closing session for ICRECC 2025
Prayers offered by an ordained church minister / muslim cleric
Both the Kenyan national Anthem and the East African Community Anthem